Mineral definition, three-dimensional periodicity, crystal lattice, unit cell, crystal systems. Morphology, symmetry elements without translation, crystal form, habit, zone. Law of constancy of interfacial angles, spherical projection, stereographic projection, Wulff net. Theory of rational indices for crystal faces, notations for planes and lines, point groups (Herman-Mauguin symbols, names), general form. Cubic crystals forms. Forms in other systems, tetragonal and hexagonal system. Holohedral classes of orthorhombic, monoclinic and triclinic systems, problems with symmetry determinations. Crystal structure definition, atomic coordinates, symmetry elements with translation. Bravais lattices, space groups. Chemical bonds-crystal structure dependence, coordination number, coordination polyhedron, isomorphism, polymorphism. Solid solutions, exsolution, crystal defects. Appearance of minerals (crystals, aggregates), density, cleavage, parting, fracture, hardness, colour, streak, luster. X-ray diffraction, Bragg law, Laue equations, principles of unit cell dimensions determination. Division of minerals on optical properties (optically isotropic and anisotropic materials), birefringence, optical indicatrix. Division of optically anisotropic materials (uniaxial - biaxial, optically positive and negative), relief, colour, interference colours, extinction, observations in convergent light.
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