1. komponenta

Lecture type	Total
Lectures	30
Practicum	30

* Load is given in academic hour (1 academic hour = 45 minutes)

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of the course are to gain knowledge about principles of stress physiology and plant defense mechanisms as well as methods of research in plant stress physiology.

COURSE CONTENT:
LECTURES
1. Introduction: stress conditions, mechanisms of resistance, adaptation, acclimatization, tolerance; phases of response to stress, model plants in stress physiology.
2. Water stress: water deficit, osmotic stress, plant adaptations and acclimatization to water stress.
3. Chilling and freezing: low temperatures, plant adaptations and acclimatization to low temperatures.
4. Heat stress - high temperatures: heat stress and heat shock, plant adaptations and acclimatization to heat stress.
5. Light and UV-stress: photoinhibition, photodamage and repair mechanisms, adaptations and acclimatization.
6. Salinity stress: halophytes, plant adaptations and acclimatization to high salt concentration, mechanisms of tolerance.
7. Anaerobic stress: hypoxia and anoxia, plant adaptations and acclimatization to oxygen deficiency; postanoxic stress.
8. Oxidative stress: reactive oxygen species, effects and antioxidative defense mechanisms.
9. Arctic and alpine plants: adaptations to low temperature and other unfavourable conditions (high irradiation, deficit of water and nutrients, wind, problems with reproduction etc.).
10. Desert plants: adaptations to water deficit and other unfavourable conditions (high irradiation, deficit of nutrients, wind, diurnal temperature changes (day-night), etc.).
11. Wetland and mangrove plants: adaptations to oxygen deficit and other unfavourable conditions (salinity, waves etc.), vivipary.
12. Fire and plants: adaptations, defense mechanisms; Kwongan vegetation.
13. Pollution: air and soil pollution, xenobiotics, heavy metals, hyperaccumulation of metals, phytoremediation; damage and defense mechanisms.
14. Biotic stress: plant responses to pathogens, herbivores, other plants due to competition for light, water and mineral nutrients; allelopathy, systemic acquired resistance.
15. Plant surface protection and secondary (specialized) metabolites: surface protection: cutin, suberin, waxes; secondary metabolites: terpenoids, phenolic compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds: biosynthesis, distribution in plants, function.

PRACTICAL TRAINING
In the scope of practical work students will study effect of selected stress factor on plants through planning of the experiment, laboratory work and interpretation of results.
1. Defining research topic and a hypothesis;
2. Selecting and reading relevant scientific literature;
3. and 4. Individual development of the work plan: protocols for laboratory procedures and methods (based on literature data and basic knowledge in plant physiology);
5. and 6. Starting of the experiment: growing plants in climate chamber or collecting on the field; exposure of plants to biotic or abiotic stress condition;
7. Laboratory work: influence of stress factor on photosynthesis by applying chlorophyll fluorescence measurements in vivo;
8. Evaluation of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation/ protein carbonyls/antioxidative enzyme activities) by spectrophotometric methods;
9. and 10. Immunodetection of stress proteins separated by SDS-gel-electrophoresis;
11. and 12. Detection and quantification of stress genes expression by qPCR;
13. and 14. Statistical analysis of data and interpretation of results;
15. Introduction to writing Report that contains elements of original scientific paper: Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, References.

1. Fiziologija bilja, Pevalek-Kozlina, B. (2003). Fiziologija bilja. Profil International, Zagreb., Pevalek-Kozlina, B., Profil International, Zagreb., 2003.
2. Plant Physiology and Development, 6th edition, Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Moller, I. M., Murphy, A. (2015). Plant Physiology and Development, 6th edition. Sinnauer Associates Inc., Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Moller, I. M., Murphy, A., Sinnauer Associates Inc., Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A, 2015.
3. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, Buchanan, B., Gruissem, W., Jones, R. L. (2015). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. John Wiley & Sons., Buchanan, B., Gruissem, W., Jones, R. L., John Wiley & Sons, 2015.
4. Odabrani originalni znanstveni radovi i pregledni radovi / Selected original scientific papers and review papers, Dodatna literatura: Odabrani radovi (originalni znanstveni radovi i pregledni radovi) iz područja fiziologije stresa u biljaka / Selected publications (original scientific papers and review papers) in the field of stress physiology in plants., -.

Izborni kolegiji - Regular - Botany