1. komponenta

Lecture type	Total
Lectures	30
Practicum	15

* Load is given in academic hour (1 academic hour = 45 minutes)

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
The course aims to familiarize students with the physical properties of isotopes and ionizing radiation and their effects on biological macromolecules, tissues, and the organism. Radiation detection and application in medical diagnostics and therapy.
COURSE CONTENT:
The course will be conducted in the form of lectures and practical exercises.
LECTURES
1. Introduction to radiobiology: what is radiobiology with an emphasis on harmful effects, a historical overview of the most important scientific discoveries, and types of radiation.
2. Isotopes: stable and unstable, application of radioisotopes in medicine and industry.
3. Radioactivity: basic concepts, units of radioactivity, absorbed dose, absorbed dose rate, linear energy transfer (LET).
4. Sources of radioactivity in the environment: overview of natural and artificial radioactivity, application of radiation sources in medical diagnostics and therapy, irradiation (external and internal).
5. Measurement of ionizing radiation: instruments (dosimeters, counters, trace visualization devices), personal dosimetry.
6. and 7. Physical properties of ionizing radiation: direct and indirect interaction of radiation energy with biological media, interaction with biological macromolecules.
8. Sensitivity of cells to radiation: effects on intracellular structures and organelles, changes in the DNA molecule.
9. Survival curves: in viruses, bacteria, and mammals, Target theory.
10. Radiosensitivity of chromosomes: mechanisms of DNA damage and consequences of structural changes.
11. Sensitivity of tissues and organisms to radiation: early and late effects.
12. Modifiers of radiosensitivity: chemical radioprotectors, radiosensitizers, mechanism of radiosensitization, detection, and measurement.
13. Wider application of radiation and radioecology
14. Radiotherapy
15. Application of radiation in medicine.

EXERCISES
1. Familiarization with instruments for detection and measurement of ionizing radiation (GM-detector, scintillation device, thermoluminescent dosimeters).
2.- 5. Familiarity with medical instruments for (radio-)diagnosis and radiotherapy (Magnetic resonance, computer tomography, densitometry, ultrasound)
6.- 8. Determination of the biological effects of ionizing radiation on different experimental models in vivo and ex vivo.
9. - 15. Analysis of cytological preparations: Analysis of chromosomal aberrations, Micronucleus test analysis, Microgel electrophoresis of individual cells, Cytotoxicity test

1. Basic Radiation Oncology, poglavlje Radiobiology. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227063437, BeyzadeogluM, OzyigitG, EbruliC. et al., Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010.
2. Basic and clinical radiobiology 5th edition, (PDF free), JoinerMC, van der KogelAJ, 2018.
3. IAEA publications, https://www.iaea.org/publications, IAEA, IAEA.

Izborni kolegiji - Regular study - Molecular Biology