1. komponenta

Lecture type	Total
Lectures	45
Practicum	45

* Load is given in academic hour (1 academic hour = 45 minutes)

Sedimentary cycle. Standard methods of study of sediments in the field and in the laboratory. Chemical and physical weathering. Breakdown products, newly formed minerals, dissolved material. Soil-forming factors (climate, relief, substrate, vegetation). Paleosols. Erosion, transport and deposition. Properties of fluids. Transport by fluids. Bedload transport (gravel, sand). Bedforms and their stability. Suspension transport and deposition. Sediment gravity flows. Rheological properties of flows and dominant particle-support mehanisms. Depositional features diagnostic for particular type of gravity flows. Primary depositional structures and their formation. Erosional structures. Post-depositional sedimentary structures. Biogenic structures. Paleocurrent analysis. Clastic sediments: A) Sandstones, conglomerates and breccias. Sediment texture and textural maturity. Interpretation of textural parameters. Terrigenous detrital components (Q, F, Lt, heavy minerals, others). Matrix problem. Compositional maturity. The main sandstone and conglomerate types and principles of classification. Petrofacies. Principal provenance terranes in the context of plate tectonics. Diagenetic processes and environments. Compositional modification. Modification of primary porosity and permeability and their influence on quality of rocks as hydrocarbon or water reserviers. Sandstone and conglomerate bodies. Depositional environments; B) Fine-grained siliciclastic deposits-mudstones: textures, structures and mineral constituents. Organic rich black shales. Diagenetic processes in mudstones. Main types of mudrocks. Depositional environments. Marls; C) Volcanoclastic deposits. Processes and products. Diagenesis. Carbonate deposits. Mineralogy. Limestones: skeletal and non-skeletal grains, lime mud-micrite and their origin. Microbial processes and products. Limestone texture. Main types of limestones - principles of classification. Depositional and early diagenetic structures. Depositional environments: shallow marine including reefs, deep-water, non-marine. Carbonate diagenesis. Diagenetic environments. Marine, meteoric, burial diagenesis. Neomorphism. Dolomitization, dedolomitization, silicification. Evaporites. Mineralogy (gypsum, anhydrite, halite). Depositional environments. Resedimentation. Diagenesis: recrystalisation, dissolution, replacement. Evaporite sequences. Chert petrology. Cherts of biogenic origin. Cherts of anorganic origin. Phosphorites: Mineralogy. Phosphorous as essential element of live cells. Early diagenetic origin of marine phosphorites. Depositional environments. Resedimentation. Bone breccias. Guano. Sedimentary iron and manganese deposits. Environmental factors controlling their precipitation. Organic deposits. Coal: petrology, the rank stages of coal, formation and occurrence of coal. Oil shales. Formation of kerogen. The principal phases of hydrocarbons generation. Mineralogy, occurrence, genesis and geological meaning of bauxites and laterites. How knowledge about sediments is used in human activity: excavation, tunnelling, different buildings, environments protection, mining etc.

Learning outcomes:

Knowledge and understanding of genesis and alteration of sediments and sedimentary rocks, and how they reflect to physical and chemical properties of rocks.
Ability to recognize and interpret common sedimentary textures and structures.
Ability to recognize common types of sediments and sedimentary rocks, macroscopically and by using polarizing microscope.
Distinguishing depositional environments, their properties and understanding of their dynamics.
Ability of independent research of sediments and sedimentary rocks in the laboratory and in the field.

1. Tucker, E.M. (2001): Sedimentary Petrology. An Introduction to the Origin of Sedimentary Rocks. Blackwell Science, 3. izd., IX+262 str., Oxford.
2. Tucker, E.M. (2003): Sedimentary rocks in the Field. Wiley, 3. izd., 244 str., Chichester
3. Collinson, J.D. & Thompson, D.B. (1993): Sedimentary Structures. 2. izdanje. Chapman & Hall. 207 str. London
4. Adams, A.E., MacKenzie,W.S. & Guilford, C. (1987): Atlas of sedimentary rocks under the microscope. Longham Scientific & Techical, VII+104, London
5. Tišljar, J. (1994): Sedimentne stijene. Školska Knjiga, IX+422, Zagreb

Enrollment :
Passed : General paleontology
Attended : Mineral optics

Mandatory course - Regular study - Geology